autogalaxy.profiles.mass.dPIEMass

class dPIEMass

Bases: MassProfile

The dual Pseudo Isothermal Elliptical Mass Distribution(dPIEMass) profiles, which is a two component PIEMass with both a core radius and a truncation radius, see Eliasdottir (2007): https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.5636 This profile is ported from Lenstool’s C code, which has the same formulation.

This proflie describes an elliptic isothermal mass distribution with a finite core, rho r^{-2} while in the transition region (ra<=R<=rs), and rho r^{-4} in the outer parts: rho propto [(ra^2 + R^2) (rs^2 + R^2)]^{-1}

The convergence is given by two PIEMass with core radius ra and rs: kappa(r_{em}) = rs / (rs - ra) * (kappa_{PIEMass,ra} - kappa_{PIEMass,rs})

= b_0 / 2 * rs / (rs - ra) * ( frac{1}{sqrt{ ra^2 + r_{em}^2}} - frac{1}{sqrt{ rs^2 + r_{em}^2}} )

where r_{em}^2 = x^2 / (1 + epsilon)^2 + y^2 / (1 - epsilon)^2. Note in Eliasdottir (2007), E0 = 6pi * sigma_{dPIEPotential}^2 / c^2 * (D_{LS} / D_{S}). Eliasdottir’s E0 is not the same as E0 in Kassiola & Kovner(1993) which is also b0. There is frac{sigma_{dPIEPotential}^2}{sigma_0^2} = frac{2}{3}

rac{rs^2}{rs^2-ra^2},

thus E0(Kassiola & Kovner(1993)) = b0 = E0(Eliasdottir (2007)) * (rs^2 - ra^2) / rs^2. So when s->infty and a->0, they are equivalent.

In this implementation: - ra is the core radius in unit of arcseconds. - rs is the truncation radius in unit of arcseconds. - b0 is the lens strength in unit of arcseconds, when ra->0 & rs->infty & q->1, b0 is the Einstein radius.

b0 is related to the central velocity dispersion sigma_0: b_0 = 4pi * sigma_0^2 / c^2 * (D_{LS} / D_{S}) b0 is not in the Intermediate-Axis-Convention for its r_{em}^2 = x^2 / (1 + epsilon)^2 + y^2 / (1 - epsilon)^2

Parameters:

• centre (Tuple[float, float]) – The (y,x) arc-second coordinates of the profile centre.

• ra (float) – The inner core radius in arcseconds.

• rs (float) – The outer truncation radius in arcseconds.

• b0 (float) – The lens strength in arcseconds.

Methods

analytical_hessian_2d_from	Calculate the hessian matrix on a grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates.
analytical_magnification_2d_from
angle	The position angle in degrees of the major-axis of the ellipse defined by profile, defined counter clockwise from the positive x-axis (0.0 > angle > 180.0).
angle_radians	The position angle in radians of the major-axis of the ellipse defined by profile, defined counter clockwise from the positive x-axis (0.0 > angle > 2pi).
angle_to_profile_grid_from	The angle between each angle theta on the grid and the profile, in radians.
axis_ratio	The ratio of the minor-axis to major-axis (b/a) of the ellipse defined by profile (0.0 > q > 1.0).
convergence_2d_from	Returns the two dimensional projected convergence on a grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates.
convergence_func	Returns the convergence of the mass profile as a function of the radial coordinate.
deflections_2d_via_potential_2d_from	Returns the 2D deflection angles of the mass profile by numerically differentiating the lensing potential on the input grid.
deflections_yx_2d_from	Calculate the deflection angles on a grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates.
density_between_circular_annuli	Calculate the mass between two circular annuli and compute the density by dividing by the annuli surface area.
eccentric_radii_grid_from	Convert a grid of (y,x) coordinates to an eccentric radius: :math: axis_ratio^0.5 (x^2 + (y^2/q))^0.5
elliptical_radii_grid_from	Convert a grid of (y,x) coordinates to their elliptical radii values: :math: (x^2 + (y^2/q))^0.5
extract_attribute	Returns an attribute of a class and its children profiles in the galaxy as a ValueIrregular or Grid2DIrregular object.
has	Returns True if any attribute of this profile is an instance of the input class cls, else False.
mass_angular_within_circle_from	Integrate the mass profiles's convergence profile to compute the total mass within a circle of specified radius.
mass_integral	Integrand used by mass_angular_within_circle_from to compute the total projected mass within a circle.
potential_2d_from	Returns the 2D lensing potential of the mass profile from a 2D grid of Cartesian (y,x) coordinates.
potential_func	Returns the integrand of the lensing potential at a single point, used in numerical integration schemes for computing the potential from the mass profile's convergence.
radial_deflection_from
radial_grid_from	Convert a grid of (y, x) coordinates, to their radial distances from the profile centre (e.g. :math: r = sqrt(x**2 + y**2)).
rotated_grid_from_reference_frame_from	Rotate a grid of (y,x) coordinates which have been transformed to the elliptical reference frame of a profile back to the original unrotated coordinate grid reference frame.
transformed_from_reference_frame_grid_from	Transform a grid of (y,x) coordinates from the reference frame of the profile to the original observer reference frame.
transformed_to_reference_frame_grid_from	Transform a grid of (y,x) coordinates to the reference frame of the profile.
vmapped_deflections_from

Attributes

average_convergence_of_1_radius	The radius a critical curve forms for this mass profile, e.g. where the mean convergence is equal to 1.0.
ellipticity_rescale	A rescaling factor applied to account for the ellipticity of the mass profile when computing the Einstein radius from the average convergence equals unity criterion.

deflections_yx_2d_from(grid, xp=<module 'numpy' from '/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pyautolens/envs/latest/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>, **kwargs)

Calculate the deflection angles on a grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates.

Parameters:

grid (Union[ndarray, Grid2D, Grid2DIrregular]) – The grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates the deflection angles are computed on.

convergence_func(grid_radius, xp=<module 'numpy' from '/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pyautolens/envs/latest/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>)

Returns the convergence of the mass profile as a function of the radial coordinate.

This is used to integrate the convergence profile to compute enclosed masses and the Einstein radius.

Parameters:

grid_radius – The radial distance from the profile centre at which the convergence is evaluated.

Returns:

The convergence at the input radial distance.

Return type:

float

convergence_2d_from(grid, xp=<module 'numpy' from '/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pyautolens/envs/latest/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>, **kwargs)

Returns the two dimensional projected convergence on a grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates.

The grid_2d_to_structure decorator reshapes the ndarrays the convergence is outputted on. See aa.grid_2d_to_structure for a description of the output.

Parameters:

grid (Union[ndarray, Grid2D, Grid2DIrregular]) – The grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates the convergence is computed on.

analytical_hessian_2d_from(grid, xp=<module 'numpy' from '/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pyautolens/envs/latest/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>, **kwargs)

Calculate the hessian matrix on a grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates. Hessian_dPIEMass = rs * (rs - ra) * ( Hessian_PIEMass(ra) - Hessian_PIEMass(rs))

Parameters:

grid (Union[ndarray, Grid2D, Grid2DIrregular]) – The grid of (y,x) arc-second coordinates the deflection angles are computed on.

analytical_magnification_2d_from(grid, xp=<module 'numpy' from '/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pyautolens/envs/latest/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>, **kwargs)

potential_2d_from(grid, xp=<module 'numpy' from '/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pyautolens/envs/latest/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>, **kwargs)

Returns the 2D lensing potential of the mass profile from a 2D grid of Cartesian (y,x) coordinates.

The lensing potential ψ(θ) is the gravitational (Shapiro) time-delay term. It quantifies how much the passage of light through the gravitational field delays its arrival relative to a straight-line path in empty space.

The potential enters directly into the Fermat potential:

φ(θ) = ½ |θ − β|² − ψ(θ)

which governs time delays between multiple lensed images of the same source.

Parameters:

grid (Union[ndarray, Grid2D, Grid2DIrregular]) – The 2D (y, x) coordinates where the lensing potential is evaluated.

Returns:

The lensing potential ψ(θ) at every coordinate on the input grid.

Return type:

aa.Array2D